BRONSWERK Onboard Climate Engineering®, headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, is a premier global provider of complete marine HVAC-R solutions for the merchant marine, military and offshore industries. BRONSWERK customized HVAC-R solutions are designed to meet the individual needs of its clients, from conception to manufacture and after-sales service. We specialize in environmentally friendly systems that are engineered to perform in the most complex sea environments and comply with the highest international standards. Through our innovative, team-oriented approach, BRONSWERK delivers HVAC-R solutions in a timely manner and at a competitive price. BRONSWERK is an accredited ISO 9001:2001 and our systems comply with all marine regulatory body requirements (Lloyds, DNV, RINA, ABS, Germanic Lloyds, etc.)The most efficient central heating option by a large margin is a central radiator system with cogeneration heat as the energy source. A central fan coil unit system with cogeneration heat is a close second.

If cogeneration heat is not available, or if it could only provide a small proportion of the heating needed, then individual heating by gas fixed flued heaters or heat pumps (reverse cycle air conditioning) in each dwelling are the next most efficient choices. Gas-driven air conditioners score better than all but the most efficient electric air conditioners. A central variable refrigerant volume (VRV) system provides efficiency similar to having air conditioners of the same coefficient of performance (COP) in each dwelling. It has the advantage of centralised 'outdoor' units, but disadvantages of some limitation of piping length, challenge of apportioning energy costs (though some manufacturers have control systems that can assist in this) and a potential risk of excessive refrigerant concentration if a leak develops within an apartment. Again, gas-driven VRV systems score better than electric systems. Other central systems are unlikely to be practical for small developments of less than about 50 apartments, and all have the challenge of apportioning energy costs. 

Radiator and fan coil unit systems with gas boilers are more efficient than water source packaged units. A water source packaged unit system with electric or gas driven heat pumps as the energy source scores better in BASIX than one with a gas boiler.carrier 16 seer air conditioner cost All systems with electric boilers or electric resistance heating score poorly in BASIX.sears free standing air conditioning units With years of design and manufacturing experience, Fujiair carried out the new 2nd generation Air Handling Unit (MKZII Series) with a series of improvements and innovations to meet market demand. fujitsu inverter split system troubleshootingAs comfort air-conditioning, it can be widely used in hotels, theaters, shopping malls, office buildings, schools and other places;

as for industrial use air conditioning, it can also meet the electronics, chemical, medical, pharmaceutical, cigarettes, food, light industry and other industries needs. Air volume starts from 5000 m3/h to 100,000 m3/h. With years of design and manufacturing experience, Fujiair carried out the new 2nd generation Air Handling Unit (MKSII Series) with a series of improvements and innovations to meet market demand. The standard MKSII Series AHU can be divided into 3 types which are suspended, horizontal and vertical types. The air volume is from 2000 m3/h to 40,000 m3/h (1000 to 25,000FM). The Fujiair Fan Coil Unit is designed and manufactured on the base of advanced technology, and utilizes qualified galvanized iron as structure material. Due to its supper-thin design, it has such advantages: beautiful outlook, space saving, easy installation, etc. And the most obvious advantage is that it can decrease the outlet air temperature difference as low as possible to make the room more comfortable, as well as doesn't reduce the cooling capacity output.

Wide range of 4-way Cassette equipped with Built-in drain pump that makes installation easy. For good distribution of air flow and yet matches beautifully with interior ceiling panels. Beautiful panel with slot opening for efficient air return and low noise operation. Sleek design for the most demanding interior decorations. Designed with low profile for confine ceiling height. Full range of capacity, low noise, high air volume at various external static pressures are available for the most demanding installation needs. When one is buying a portable electric heater, there are at least three different types available: Oil-filled radiators and similar Images of examples of each are shown at the bottom of the question, in order. Assuming that any of these has the same electrical input power, and given that they must all eventually be 100% efficient at converting electricity to heat, any advantage or disadvantage must relate to the way that they transfer the heat to the room.

Is one type clearly better? If not, what are the advantages and disadvantages of each? The important thing here is to realise what these heaters heat. Radiative heaters radiate infra-red light which strikes objects and heats them directly, heating the intervening air less. Fan heaters primarily heat the air in the room by forced convection. Oil filled radiators, work like ordinary central heating radiators, primarily heating the air in the room by natural convection. If you are heating a space with ventilation but no heat recovery (you open a door or window regularly, or have a draught) then a fan heater or radiator would be less useful than a radiative heater. Much of the heat you generate will escape with the air which escapes. If you are in a space where there is little likelihood of hot air escaping, but where the walls are thin and poorly insulated, then a fan heater might be better. While some of the heat from the radiative heater will strike you and heat you directly, the energy which hits the walls will be divided between radiating back into the room and escaping through the wall.

In a well insulated room with little escape of air, there would be negligible differences between the different methods other than perceptual ones. It is usually recommended that radiative and fan heaters are not left running when unattended. Even when an oil filled radiator is rated for unattended operation, care should be taken, as with any heating device, that nothing flammable is left close to or in contact with the heater. Care should also be taken with these heaters when used in a room where people are sleeping. If there is any chance that they could be knocked over, or bedding/clothes could fall on them and pose fire risk, do not use the heater. Finally, in kitchens and bathrooms, only use appliances rated for use in those rooms. Moisture in the air could cause a heater not rated for those environments to fail, posing an additional fire risk. From personal experience, I always feel warmer in front of a radiative heater, and they certainly produce less noise pollution than fan heaters, so are more pleasant to be around.

Both are more controllable than oil frilled radiators, so you get heat out of them sooner after you need it and waste little heat when you no longer need it. I find infra-red heaters particularly useful in bathrooms. Heaters like the following are (or were) common in UK bathrooms: The way to use a heater like this is on demand. I don't normally heat my bathroom, but I turn on my bathroom IR wall heater before I get in the shower so it is up to full heat by the time I get out of the shower. The infra-red heat keeps me nice and warm in those those crucial moments between stopping the hot water flow and towelling off the rapidly cooling water. I then turn off the heater as I leave the bathroom, having wasted little electricity unnecessarily heating it. I have never understood why people replace IR wall heaters in bathrooms with fan heaters. I find that they can never warm up the air in the bathroom enough during the time you are showering that you don't feel cold during the towelling.

I know that IR heaters are seen as old technology, but they work very well, are as 'efficient' as every other electric heater and are far more reliable than fan heaters. I have never had a fan heater last more than a decade, the IR heater in my bathroom has been working for over three. I'll take a slightly different line to Mark Booth's excellent answer. fan heater: If you've got a lot of still air, and / or if you only want the heater on for short bursts, then the fan heater is probably best, because it will get the warm air circulating in the room, and it will respond quickly to being turned on and off. However, dust can settle on the heating element, and you can't reach it to clean it, so you get the smell of burnt dust. oil-filled radiatior: If you want a slow-to-respond heater that will have a lot of thermal mass, so it will warm up slowly, and cool down slowly, that will give comfort advantages, but if you turn it off when you no longer need the heat, it will continue to radiate for some time, as the oil in it cools down, and that could be a waste of energy.

If part of the heater's duty will be to help dry clothes, this radiator might be your best option. inrfa-red lamp: If it's for a room where you'll spend a time with a lot of skin exposed, and if you're ok with the air being relatively cold but your skin feeling warm (like being in full sun on a winter's day), then the infra-red heater is the thing. When it comes to safety (eg for a heater used in a child's bedroom, or someone sleeping), I would never use a fan heater or bar heater because of the fire risk should the device be knocked over, covered, or an item put in front. I'm reasonably comfortable using an oil filled heater or wall-panel heater though, but I wouldn't go without having a smoke alarm in the room that's been tested. Unfortunately oil heaters are terribly inefficient, as much of the heat rises to the ceiling where it is lost with little benefit. Also, twice I've had fan heaters fail where the fan stopped working but the heater part continued to operate.