For many years residential air conditioners used pistons as metering devices, and you will still commonly encounter these systems. The piston looks like a small brass or bronze “bullet,” with a calibrated hole drilled through the center. The size of the hole, along with the pressure drop across the hole, determines how much refrigerant flows through the system. Most of the systems with piston metering devices are charged by the suction superheat method. Manufacturers of these systems typically provide a charging chart or slide rule to properly charge their systems. Sometimes these charts are available from your wholesaler. If you’re fortunate, they may be included inside the service panel of the unit that you’re servicing. Normally the charts will require an indoor wet bulb temperature reading as well as an outdoor dry bulb temperature reading. The indoor wet bulb reading reflects the total heat of the air and, therefore, the total loading on the indoor coil, both sensible and latent.

The outdoor dry bulb temperature will affect how well the system can reject heat to the outdoor air. In the case of the outdoor air there’s no latent heat involved. Once you determine the indoor wet bulb and outdoor dry bulb temperatures, check the manufacturer’s charging chart to determine the proper suction superheat. amana central ac warrantyTo measure suction superheat, attach your gauge manifold to the suction service port on the outdoor unit. ac unit b&qDo not use the common suction pressure port on a heat pump because the pressure drop through the reversing valve will affect the pressure reading. hvac units depreciationTake the pressure reading and use a temperature-pressure chart to convert that reading to the saturated temperature of the refrigerant that the system uses.

Note that most gauges have the commonly used refrigerants shown on the gauges. This is especially true of the newer digital gauges. Next, attach an accurate digital thermometer to the suction line near the suction gauge port. It’s usually best to insulate the thermometer probe so that it’s not affected by the ambient air. The temperature that you measure should be warmer than the saturated refrigerant temperature. The difference between the saturated suction temperature and the measured suction line temperature is the suction superheat. Add refrigerant to lower the suction superheat. Recover refrigerant to increase the suction superheat. Note that you should never add refrigerant if the superheat is already 5F or less, even if the charging chart shows 0F. You don’t want to overcharge the system if your thermometer or gages are not perfectly accurate. Overcharging can damage the compressor and will also reduce both the capacity and efficiency of the system. Note that if the suction superheat is correct and the suction pressure is low, the system probably has low airflow.

Correct the airflow problem and check the charge again. On many newer systems, especially high efficiency systems, thermostatic expansion valves (TXVs) are used. Expansion valve systems are normally charged by using the subcooling method. Liquid sub-cooling is required so that you have only liquid entering the expansion valve with no bubbles present. Vapor bubbles present in the refrigerant will cause low refrigerant flow. Low refrigerant flow will cause a loss of capacity and efficiency in a cooling system. Liquid sub-cooling is normally measured at the liquid line service valve. The manufacturer will usually specify the required sub-cooling on the outdoor unit service panel. It’s usually between 5F and 15F, but always go by the manufacturer’s requirements. To measure liquid subcooling, attach your gauge manifold to the liquid line service port. If you use a quick-connect fitting on the end of your hose, make sure it’s a low-loss fitting. I’ve seen some quick-connect fittings that allow pressure loss, which can cause inaccuracies in the charging procedure.

Take a pressure reading. Use a temperature-pressure chart to convert the pressure to the saturated condensing temperature of the refrigerant. Next, attach an accurate digital thermometer to the liquid line. The temperature that you read with the thermometer should be lower than the saturated condensing temperature. The difference between the measured liquid line temperature and the saturated condensing temperature is the liquid subcooling. Add refrigerant to increase subcooling. Recover refrigerant to reduce subcooling. Note that if the subcooling and superheat are correct, and the suction pressure is low, the system probably has low air flow. When charging by the subcooling method, you should be sure to check the suction superheat as well. If the expansion valve goes bad, you can have a very low suction superheat when you have the proper subcooling. In some cases it’s not possible to achieve the required subcooling without having a superheat of zero degrees. If you get zero degrees superheat with a TXV, then the TXV is defective and will need to be replaced.

One other method of charging is the weigh-in method. The weigh-in method can be very accurate if you know the exact length of the refrigerant lines. The outdoor unit usually comes charged with enough refrigerant for the outdoor unit, a standard indoor unit, and 15 or 25 ft. of line set. You must add refrigerant for any line length over what is specified by the manufacturer. You may also have to add or remove refrigerant depending on what indoor unit or indoor coil is used. Even if you charge by weigh-in it’s still a good practice to check the charge using the subcooling or superheat methods, to ensure that everything is operating properly. Kevin ONeill, CM, is the co-owner of ONeill-Bagwell Cooling & Heating, Myrtle Beach, SC. He has 35 years of experience in the HVAC service business and is a 28-year member of Refrigeration Service Engineers Society (RSES). Here's a common scenario. You go on a service call, put your gauges on a condensing unit, and find that the suction pressure is low.

What do you do? In too many cases, the answer is "add refrigerant." But doesn't it seem like a good idea to confirm that low refrigerant is the problem before you start adding refrigerant? That's why checking superheat and subcooling is so important. Let's go back to the beginning. You go on a service call and find low suction pressure. However, this time you consider the three main causes of low suction pressure, and check superheat and subcooling to make the correct diagnosis. CAUSE #1: Insufficient heat getting to evaporator. This can be caused by low air flow (dirty filter, slipping belt, undersized or restricted ductwork, dust and dirt buildup on blower wheel) or a dirty or plugged evaporator coil. Checking superheat will indicate if the low suction is caused by insufficient heat getting to the evaporator. To check superheat, attach a thermometer designed to take pipe temperature to the suction line. Don't use an infrared thermometer for this task. Then take the suction pressure and convert it to temperature on a temperature/pressure chart.

Subtract the two numbers to get superheat. For example, 68 psi suction pressure on a R-22 system converts to 40F. Let's say the suction line temperature is 50F. Subtracting the two numbers gives us 10F of superheat. Superheat for most systems should be approximately 10F measured at the evaporator; 20F to 25F near the compressor. If the suction pressure is 45 psi, (which converts to 22F) and the suction temp is 32F, the system still has 10F of superheat. The fact that these readings are normal indicates the low suction pressure is not caused by low refrigerant, but insufficient heat getting to the evaporator. CAUSE #2: Defective, plugged, or undersized metering device. Let's say a system has 45 psi suction pressure (converts to 22F) and 68F suction line temperature, the superheat is 46F (68 minus 22). This indicates low refrigerant in the evaporator. However, before adding refrigerant, check the subcooling to be sure the problem isn't caused by a defective, plugged, or undersized metering device.

While superheat indicates how much refrigerant is in the evaporator (high superheat indicates not enough, low superheat indicates too much), subcooling gives an indication of how much refrigerant is in the condenser. Subcooling on systems that use a thermostatic expansion valve (TXV) should be approximately 10F to 18F. Higher subcooling indicates excess refrigerant backing up in the condenser. On TXV systems with high superheat, be sure to check the subcooling as refrigerant is added. If the superheat doesn't change, and the subcooling increases, the problem is with the metering device. In the case of a TXV, it's likely that the powerhead needs to be replaced. To check subcooling, attach a thermometer to the liquid line near the condenser. Take the head pressure and convert it to temperature on a temperature/pressure chart. Subtract the two numbers to get the subcooling. For example, 275 psi head pressure on an R-22 system converts to 124F. The liquid line temperature is 88F. Subtracting the two numbers gives 36F.

High superheat and high subcooling indicates a problem with the metering device. Keep in mind that subcooling won't increase on systems with a liquid line receiver, as extra liquid will fill the receiver instead of backing up in the condenser. Receivers are rare on air conditioning systems, but very common on small refrigeration systems such as walk-in coolers and freezers. If a system with a receiver has high superheat and the liquid line sight glass is full of liquid (no bubbles), check the metering device. If the sight glass has bubbles, the system could be low on refrigerant, or the liquid line filter/dryer could be plugged. Your clue here is that a noticeable temperature drop across a liquid line filter/dryer indicates it's plugged. There are indeed some cases where low suction pressure is going to be caused by low refrigerant. If the superheat is high and the subcooling is low, the refrigerant charge is probably low. Just keep in mind two things here: first, find and fix the leak.