thesis presentation and drawings required? Need Guidance: In the process of searching for a thesis topic Thesis:The redevelopment of a Market! Thesis - Juvenile Rehabilitation Centre case study ? How to prepare for B.Arch AIEEE/JEEE main paper 2 Thesis: Design For a Site Between a Bus-Stand and Market Thesis: Need a High Rise Housing Case-Study Thesis: Revitalization of a Small Town Via Architecture One who can't draw sketches isn't good enough to be an architect. Sketching is just a skill, what's important is the "concept". I think if one can think of good concepts, then he can draw too.. This question is absurd. golden gate bridge facts jawahar kala kendra interior jawahar kala kendra plan Air Conditioners Case Study Types of Air-Conditioners: The different types of air-conditioners are: 1. Window A/C 2. Floor Standing A/C Size of Air-Conditioners Generally, the size of the air conditioners is different for different companies.

Recommended size of the window opening for installing a window A/C is 17”x27”. Window A/C sizes (approximate) : A/C Capacity Dimensions (approximately) - (WxHxD) in mm 0.75 Ton 450x345x520 1 Ton 520x375x590 1.5 Ton 660x435x610 2 Ton 660x428x770 Source: Blue Star A/C Catalog Split A/C sizes (approximate) - For Indoor Unit only: A/C Capacity Dimensions (approximately) - (WxHxD) in mm 0.75 Ton 820x270x170 1 Ton 900x285x172 1.5 Ton 1090x314x188 2 Ton 1080x314x181 Source: LG A/C Catalog Note: After the study of sizes of A/Cs for three different companies (Voltas, Blue Star and LG), it has been found that the sizes of A/Cs for different companies don’t differ much for similar capacity and type. Unit for Measuring Energy efficiency of Air ConditionersAn air conditioner's efficiency is measured by the energy efficiency ratio (EER). The EER is the ratio of the cooling capacity (in British thermal units per hour) to the power input (in watts). It is a rating term used for estimating the cooling capacity of an air conditioner which is equivalent to 12,000 BTU per hour.

Effective Cooling Area Covered by 1 Ton A/C Based on size alone, an air conditioner generally needs 20 BTU for each square foot of living space. Other important factors to consider when selecting an air conditioner are room height, local climate, shading, and window size. Ignoring all other factors, a one ton A/C can cool 600 sq. foot area considering a normal room height (10 feet). Selecting an Air-Conditioner Size of the Room: The required cooling capacity for an air conditioner depends on the size of the room being cooled: Window air conditioners generally have cooling capacities that range from 5,500 BTU per hour to 14,000 BTU per hour. Size of the A/C: Proper sizing is very important for efficient air conditioning. A bigger unit is not necessarily better because a unit that is too large will not cool an area uniformly. A small unit running for an extended period operates more efficiently and is more effective at dehumidifying than a large unit that cycles on and off too frequently.

Power system of House: The electrical system of the house should meet the power requirements. Star Rated A/Cs: The Bureau of Energy Efficiency has set up a technique to measure the amount of energy consumed by A/C (and other electronics) by implying a star rating to different electronic devices. martin auto repair reno nvThis step was taken to make people (buyers) aware of the energy efficient devices present in the market and ultimately reducing the energy consumption by use of more efficient devices. 1966 mustang ac unitSo, it is always preferred to buy electronics with HIGHER STAR RATING to get more energy efficiency. hvac unit 45 examTerminologies Smaller window air conditioners – Those drawing less than 7.5 amps of electricity – can be plugged into any 15- or 20-amp, 115-volt household circuit that is not shared with any other major appliances.

Larger room air conditioners – (Those drawing more than 7.5 amps) need their own dedicated 115-volt circuit. The largest models require a dedicated 230-volt circuit. Prices of Air-Conditioners: Tonnage Window A/C (Rate*) Split A/C (Rate*) 0.75 Ton 10,500-13,000 13,000-14,000 1 Ton 13000-15000 18000-21000 1.5 Ton 14,000-20,000 21,000-32,000 *Prices on August 2008 as per survey on Ansari Road A/C Shops. Installing an Air-Conditioner: 1. Do not locate the air conditioner above electrics and electronics because they may be damaged by condensation from the discharge air grates on very humid days. If you mount the air conditioner near the corner of a room, look for a unit that can direct its airflow in the desired direction for your room layout. If you need to mount the air conditioner at the narrow end of a long room, then look for a fan control known as "Power Thrust" or "Super Thrust" that sends the cooled air farther into the room. North facing walls are the best to install A/C as they receive the least amount of solar radiation.

Next best are the South facing walls. As both the East facing and West facing walls get direct sun heat, the unit has to work harder to provide the same amount of cooling. The A/C unit should be installed at a height of about 12” to 60” from the floor because if the unit is installed near the floor surface, the filter of the A/C may get dusted and might stop working after some span of time. If the unit is placed near the ceiling, it will turn out to be less effective as it will cool the top air first.Voltage Fluctuations are quite common in most places in India. No wonder we at Bijli Bachao get so many questions on our page for voltage stabilisers: working, sizing and power consumption. The biggest concern that people have is that voltage fluctuations can harm their appliances. This is true to a great extent for some appliances. But people hardly consider the impact of voltage fluctuations on electricity consumption. In this article we will not only cover the impact of voltage fluctuations on appliances but will also tell you about its impact on power consumption of various appliances.

In India, electricity distribution is at 230V for single phase and 415 V for three phase. In a three phase connection, the connection is divided into 3 lines each of 230 V. All appliances sold in India work in the range of 220-240 V. Voltage lower and higher than this range needs to be corrected if the appliance cannot handle that voltage. Voltages at many places in India go down to 150-160 V on a regular basis. Different type of appliances have different behavior on voltage fluctuations. And if you are planning to put a voltage stabiliser, you need to work accordingly. There are two kinds of appliances: 1) Without Motor (resistive load) and 2) With Motor (inductive load). Appliances like luminaire (bulbs, tube lights and CFLs) and heaters (like room heaters and water heaters) do not need voltage stabilisers. When the voltage is less, less current flows through them. When voltage is more, more current will flow through them. So when voltage is less, the output of these appliances will be less or the bulb will give less light, room heater will heat less, water heater will heat slowly.

And as the bulb will give lesser light the power consumption of the bulb will be less. In fact many municipalities reduce the voltage of street lights at times when the light requirement is less to reduce the power consumption of the bulbs. However when the voltage is higher than normal, more current will flow through these appliances. And if the high voltage is consistent, and thus the high current is consistent, it may result in burning of the bulb or the appliance. If it does not burn, it will consume more electricity. Most electronics like TVs, DVD players, etc do not work at 230 V. These appliances have an internal device called SMPS (Switch Mode Power Supply) which converts incoming 230 V to 12V or 24V (whichever is required by the appliance). Thus none of the electronic appliances need voltage stabilisers. I repeat, electronic appliances do not need voltage stabilisers. They are neither impacted by high voltage, nor by low voltage. So electronic devices do not need any protection.

There are products available in market because people feel the need of protecting their appliances, but these devices do not need any protection. The power consumption of electronic products does not change with voltage fluctuations. Also, their output does not change. Power surge or spike is fast, short sudden increase in voltage and current that can cause damage to sensitive electronics. It typically happens when there is short circuit or there is lightening/thunderstorm. A surge protector or spike guard that is available in local market can protect against short circuit, but there is nothing available in the market that can protect electronics from power surges during lightening. However the main thing that gets damaged during a power surge is the SMPS. So for e.g. in case of laptop, the laptop charger is the one that will get damaged in case of power surge. The laptop will still be safe. Similarly in TV only the power circuit will get damaged and not any other part. The best protection from power surges due to lightening is to switch off the TV from main supply during that period.

However if you are worried about getting your appliances burnt then you should buy a surge protector. You should check this link before buying one: Surge protector: What are they? What to look for while buying one? All appliances with motors have an operating voltage range. Appliance like a ceiling fan have much larger operating voltage range and thus they are able to work even at lower voltages. But appliances like air conditioners have very small operating voltage range and thus they do not work at low voltages. If the voltage provided to them is lower than their operating voltage range, then either they will not start at all, and if they are already running, they will start producing a humming sound. This humming sound happens as these motors draw more current to run the system. This can lead to over heating and burning of the motor if persistent. Thus saving induction motors from voltage fluctuations is very important. At high voltages these appliances draw more current only at the time of starting, but once they reach steady state the current is much less.

But still the high starting current can damage the system and thus appliances with motors need to be protected both from high as well as low voltages. So you do need to put voltage stabiliser to protect these appliances. However before putting a voltage stabiliser, it is very important to find the operating voltage range of the appliance and the fluctuations that happen in your area. For e.g several refrigerator models available in market these days have large operating voltage range and thus these models do not need voltage stabilisers (unless your voltage goes below the operating range). As far as power consumption of appliances with motors is concerned, it depends on the voltage as well as the load on the machine. Typically if the load is less than efficiency of the motor is less at standard voltage. For example, if your room need 0.5 tons cooling and you put 1.5 ton AC, efficiency will be lower but you get the advantage of quick cooling. If your washing machine can handle 7 kg load and you have put just 2 kg, then its efficiency will be low.

This is because you are using more energy to do small work. However at lower load if the voltage is less, the efficiency improves. So if you know that your AC is oversized and input voltage in your house is 200 V or 210V then energy consumption will be lower. At full load high voltage is beneficial for motors as their efficiency increases. Here is what Bureau of Energy Efficiency mentions for inductive loads: We receive several questions from people asking for voltage stabilisers for various appliances. Please note that for luminaries and electronics, there is no need of putting a voltage stabiliser. However if you want to protect an appliance that has motor (or compressor), then you do need to protect it from both high as well as low voltages. And you do need a voltage stabiliser for it. As far as electricity consumption is concerned, low voltages reduces electricity consumption whereas high voltages can increase your electricity consumption. If it is just slightly low consistently (say about 210V), then it is good for you or if it is slightly high (say about 240V) then it will increase your electricity consumption.

But if the voltage is consistently lower than 190V or higher than 250-260V, then you should lodge a complaint with your electricity distribution company as it can damage some of your appliances. Also please note that voltage stabilisers have their own electricity losses which depend on size of the stabiliser. A stabiliser will typically have 3-4% losses and thus never oversize the stabiliser. A 3 kVA stabiliser will have 3% losses on 3 kVA even if you are running just 1 kVA load on it. So if you have 1 kVA load then put 1 kVA stabiliser for it. Also, look for the appliances which has high voltage range, because that will save you from buying a voltage stabiliser and certainly saving on electricity too. Also make sure that if you have a voltage stabiliser, you switch it off from mains as even if the appliance is not used and stabiliser is on, it will loose 1% electricity consistently. So if you have a 1 kVA stabiliser on an air conditioner it will loose about 0.15 units of electricity in an hour even if AC is not used.